Private Copying Global Study 2026 | Key Takeaways

AT A GLANCE

Systems are expanding rapidly, with strong momentum in Africa
Private copying remuneration generates over €1 billion annually for creators
Costs to consumers remain very low (around €1–€3 per year)
Private coping supports creators and funds cultural and social programmes that benefit society
Governments must maintain technologically neutral and future-proof private copying systems
Clear frameworks and cooperation are critical for success

Private copying is a copyright exception that allows individuals to make personal, non-commercial copies of protected works.
In return, creators receive “fair compensation”. This compensation is applied to certain media and devices capable of making copies such as smartphones and computers. The amount is based on market research on consumer copying behaviour.
Private copying systems have existed since the 1960s and continue to provide creators with a meaningful source of income.
The Private Copying Global Study 2026 provides practical insights into how private copying and reprography systems are developed, implemented and managed worldwide, including tariff-setting practices, legislative provisions, and key policy developments.